EXPECT 관련 샘플 소스

출처 : http://floppsie.comp.glam.ac.uk/Glamorgan/gaius/scripting/5.html

 

Index

1. Expect

• a program to control interactive applications
  • it maybe possible to control interactive applications from other scripting languages as well
    • python, perl
• expect programming is very easy compared to perl!
  • crackers use expect to try and gain access to machines via ssh, ftp, telnet
    • ask AJC Blyth

       

       

 

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2. Expect example uses

• as system administrators we may have need for automating interactive activities
  • testing remote access works (telnet, ftp)
  • down loading ftp files
  • changing password
  • running security checks
• we could build a script which test that our server is safe
  • from guest accounts
  • no telnet access is allowed
  • no ssh from lab machines is allowed
    • but ssh from privileged machines is working

       

       

 

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3. Expect and examples

• automatically creating passwords
  • can be done via C
    • takes a lot of time to write such programs
    • will it work with NIS, shadow passwords or Kerboros?
• with expect we run the user program passwd and send keyboard input

   

   

 

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4. Password Trial

• advice first run the program that you want to connect to expect by hand
  • note the output and build expect around it
  • so let us change a password for bob

•  

  passwd bob
  Enter new UNIX password:
  Retype new UNIX password:
  passwd: password updated successfully

  • passwords were entered, but obviously the passwd program did not echo back our input!
    

 

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5. Trial results

• we note that the program prompted us for a password twice
  • both times it ended its sentence with password:
  • as we are lazy we can wait until we see password: and ignore anything that was before
    • why is this good practice?
    • what must we watch out for?

•  

  #!/usr/bin/expect
  
  
  spawn passwd [lindex $argv 0]
  set password [lindex $argv 1]
  expect "password:"
  send "$password\r"
  expect "password:"
  send "$password\r"
  expect eof

   

 

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6. Testing the example

•  

  ./exp1.exp bob 123
  spawn passwd bob
  Enter new UNIX password:
  Retype new UNIX password:
  passwd: password updated successfully

   

• here we change user bob password to 123
  

 

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7. Script explanation

•  

  #!/usr/bin/expect
  
  
  spawn passwd [lindex $argv 0]
  set password [lindex $argv 1]
  expect "password:"
  send "$password\r"
  expect "password:"
  send "$password\r"
  expect eof

   

• #!/usr/bin/expect script is interpreted via expect located in directory /usr/bin
• spawn passwd [lindex $argv 0]
  • run the program passwd bob and connect expect to this program
  • note that [lindex $argv 0] resolves to bob
    • actually argument one (hmm..)
      

 

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8. Script explanation

• set password [lindex $argv 1]
  • defines a variable password and sets it to 123
• expect "password:"
  • waits for the program passwd to issue password: before continuing
• send "$password\r"
  • sends the users password to passwd followed by a carriage return
• note the script repeats the last two commands, why?
• finally expect eof wait for passwd to finish

   

   

 

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9. Anchoring

• you might want to match text at the beginning or end of a line, this is via
  • ^ for the beginning of a line
  • $ for the end of a line
• also note that * means any number of characters

   

   

 

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10. Pattern action pairs

•  

  #!/usr/bin/expect
  
  set timeout 15
  
  
  expect "hi"  { send "You said hi\n" } \
       "hello"  { send "Hello to you\n" } \
       "bye"    { send "Goodbye\n" } \
       timeout  { send "I’m fed up\nbye\n" }

   

• if we run the script as shown below and type nothing we get:

•  

  I’m fed up
  bye

   

• note that different actions can be associated with different input
  • note also that the default timeout time is set at 10 seconds to disable the timeout facility
  • set timeout -1
    

 

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11. Autoftp and expect

• so far we have built the front end to autoftp
  • scans the input file for URLs
  • handles arguments
• we will use expect to control ftp, we will build this up this utility
• firstly we will ftp manually

   

   

 

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12. Ftp session

•  

  fred@merlin:$ ftp guenevere
  Connected to guenevere.
  220 guenevere FTP server (Version wu-2.6.0(1))
  Name (guenevere:fred): anonymous
  331 Guest login ok, send your complete e-mail
  331 address as password.
  Password:nobody@nowhere.com
  
  
  230-Welcome, archive user anonymous@merlin !
  230-
  230-The local time is: Mon Feb 12 15:18:14 2001
  230-
  230 Guest login ok, access restrictions apply.
  Remote system type is UNIX.
  Using binary mode to transfer files.

   

•  

  ftp> dir
  200 PORT command successful.
  150 Opening ASCII mode data connection for /bin/ls.
  total 20
  d--x--x--x    2 0 0 4096 Aug 10  2000 bin
  d--x--x--x    2 0 0 4096 Aug 10  2000 etc
  d--x--x--x    2 0 0 4096 Aug 10  2000 lib
  dr-xr-xr-x    4 0 0 4096 Sep 28 22:17 pub
  -rw-r--r--    1 0 0  346 Aug 10  2000 welcome.msg
  226 Transfer complete.
  ftp> quit
  221-You have transferred 0 bytes in 0 files.
  221-Total traffic for this session was 1182
  221-bytes in 1 transfers.
  221-Thank you for using the FTP service on
  221-guenevere. Goodbye.

   

 

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13. Simple semi automated ftp script

• this script will log us into a site and then interact with the user

•  

  #!/usr/bin/expect
  
  
  set site [lindex $argv 0]
  spawn ftp $site
  expect "Name"
  send "anonymous\r"
  expect "Password:"
  send "nobody@nowhere.com\r"
  interact

   

• note the interact statement
  • connects the keyboard to the ftp program
• most ftp servers do not check for a valid email address!
  

 

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14. Expect control constructs

• expect uses extends the Tcl language
• expect provides: if then else, while, set, interact, expect, for, switch, incr, return, proc

•  

  if {$count < 0} {
     set total 1
  }

   

•  

  if {$count < 5} {
     puts "count is less than five"
  } else {
     puts "count is not less than five"
  }

   

• you must place the statement begin brace on the same line as the if or else
  • if in doubt follow the templates in these notes
    

 

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15. More complex if

•  

  if {$count < 0} {
     puts "count is less than zero"
  } elseif {$count > 0 {
     puts "count is greater than zero"
  } else {
     puts "count is equal to zero"
  }

   

 

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16. While statement

•  

  #!/usr/bin/expect
  
  
  set count 10
  while {$count > 0} {
     puts "the value of count is $count"
     set count [expr $count-1]
  }

   

• note the effect of the braces in {$count > 0}
  • they defer evaluation of $count
  • if you remove the braces then $count > 0 is internally replaced via: 10 > 0
    

 

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17. for command

• has the syntax

   

  for start expression next {

  }

•  

  #!/usr/bin/expect
  
  
  for {set count 10} {$count > 0} {incr count -1} {
     puts "the value of count is $count"
  }

   

 

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18. Expressions

• 0 is false, 1 is true
• boolean operators || (or), && (and), ! (not)
• comparison operators <=, ==, != etc
• the brackets [ ] give this expression a higher precedence
• so in the example

•  

  set count [expr $count-1]

   

• the [expr $count-1] is evaluated before the set!
  

 

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19. proc and return

•  

  #!/usr/bin/expect
  
  proc mycompare {a b} {
      if {$a < $b} {
          puts "$a is less than $b"
          return -1
      } elseif {$a > $b} {
          puts "$a is greater than $b"
          return 1
      } else {
          puts "$a is equal to $b"
          return 0
      }
  }
  
  
  set value [mycompare 1 4]
  puts "comparison returned $value"

   

•  

  ./exp6.exp
  1 is less than 4
  comparison returned -1

   

 

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20. Autoftp Tutorial

•  

  #!/usr/bin/expect
  # this program is called exp7.exp
  proc connect {} {
     expect {
         "Name*:" {
             send "anonymous\r"
             expect {
                 "Password:" {
                     send "nobody@nowhere.com\r"
                     expect "login ok*ftp>"
                     return 0
                 }
             }
         }
     }
     # timed out
     return 1
  }

   

•  

  set site [lindex $argv 0]
  spawn ftp $site
  while {[connect]} {
      send "quit\r"
      expect eof
      spawn ftp $site
  }
  send "binary\r"
  send "cd  [lindex $argv 1]\r"
  send "get [lindex $argv 2]\r"
  send "quit\r"
  expect eof

   

 

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21. Laboratory session

• work on your assignment
• try out the following expect example
  • you will need to add your password at the position yourpassword

•  

  #!/usr/bin/expect
  
  log_user 0
  spawn pwd
  expect -re "(^.*/.*)$"
  set localdir $expect_out(1,string)
  expect eof
  
  
  log_user 0
  spawn ssh moppsy.comp.glam.ac.uk
  expect "assword: "
  send "yourpassword\r"
  expect "\\$"
  send "cd $localdir"
  interact

 

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Index

1. Expect
2. Expect example uses
3. Expect and examples
4. Password Trial
5. Trial results
6. Testing the example
7. Script explanation
8. Script explanation
9. Anchoring
10. Pattern action pairs
11. Autoftp and expect
12. Ftp session
13. Simple semi automated ftp script
14. Expect control constructs
15. More complex if
16. While statement
17. for command
18. Expressions
19. proc and return
20. Autoftp Tutorial
21. Laboratory session
Index

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